实验针灸学的基本研究方法主要方法是
实验针灸学的受试对象可以是
镇痛基础上，发展起来的麻醉方法，用于外科手术获得成功 这是我国西医医学与现代麻醉医学相结合的产物，是我国中西医结合的一项重要研究成果。
医学是一门内容十分保守的学科。不断探求新的观念，以精典内容作为它永恒不变的规律，正是医学活力所在。
在现代社会环境下，科学内部需求动力往往要大于外在自身动力，无论是基础研究，还是应用研究都应把继承传统经验作为实现自身学术发展的根本保证。
针灸是一种非特异性，往往通过激发或诱导机体固有的调节系统，使失调、紊乱的功能恢复正常，这就决定了针灸作用的基本方式是调节，有其自身特点。
实验针灸学是一门交叉性很强的学科，它不仅体现在中西医学科的交叉、融合，更多的体现在现代科学多门学科的交叉融合。
采用实验的研究方法获得认识客观事物现象和过程的事实材料过程中，可以突破自然条件的限制，人为地控制和变革自然对象、干预自然过程，以求揭开自然现象的真面目。
实验针灸学开展的研究，在不影响健康、不违背医学学原则的前提下，应尽可能在人体上进行实验观察，其结果更有说服力。
诸多经脉穴位现象中研究最广泛、最深入、同时也是最常见的一个经脉穴位现象，是
目前，通过一系列生物物理学方法可将经脉穴位客观检测出来，经脉穴位处尚未发现特殊的、可作为经脉穴位特异性的组织结构。
人体的机能调节过程中，确实存在着穴位特异性和某种循经特征以及经络学说所描述的特殊联系，但是没有规律性。
感传路线通常与经脉主干循行路线基本一致，但也有一定差异，表现为不及、超过、串行等，在不同个体、不同经脉、不同线段常发生偏离。
循经感传的感觉性质多种多样，大多数以流水感、蚁行感、冷热感为主。
感传路线通常呈带状，其宽度因部位而异，四肢部位较宽，躯干部位较窄。
循经感传是可以被阻滞的
循经感传的稳定性是相对的。
感传的出现率与遗传因素无关。
循经感传的显著程度和治疗效果有密切关系。
什么是循经感传现象？
针感不同与毫针到的组织种类不同相关
初步研究发现，年份越久，艾绒比例越高，易挥发成分的含量相对越少，难挥发成分含量越多
近红外线波长穿透能力强，透入人体组织较深，并且有明显的光电作用和光化学作用.
研究发现，传统艾灸与隔物灸的红外辐射强度和光谱曲线形状均无很大差异
现代研究表明，灸的作用强度与药物一样，在一定范围内随着灸量增加而增强。
灸量与灸效的关系，灸量越大灸效越好。
艾灸的壮数不同，其所兴奋的皮肤感受器也不完全相同。
时间过短，量不够，达不到治疗效果；艾灸时间过长，虽有一定效果，但并不能达到最佳效果，这一现象说明当达到一定量时，机体的反应可能出现饱和状态。
热灸必须达到一定的面积和一定的温度才能起到治疗作用，面积越大越好，温度越高越好。
直接灸时，艾燃烧的生成物可附着在皮肤上，但不能经过皮肤渗透进皮下组织。
艾烟弥漫在空气中，对细菌、病毒、真菌有一定的抑制作用。
直接灸时的温度远远高于平均临界值，引起局部组织无菌性化脓，使机体处于应激状态，升高白细胞及吞噬细胞的数量，增强机体抗病能力。
针灸的调节能力必须依赖于有关组织结构的完整与潜在的机能储备。
虽然针效反应系统和病变性质不同，高峰期维持长短基本相同。
针灸的累积效应因人、因病而异，受到针灸量、时间与治疗间隔时间的影响。
一般而言，疗效在结束后即随之消失。
针灸效应的累积具有一定的限度，随着针灸的延长，对抗针灸效应的针灸耐受也随着产生和增强。
在一定范围之内，效应的强度与前病理状态偏离正常水平的程度呈现出明显的相关性。
一般来说，穴位效应与其所属经脉的络属规律有一定对应关系，本经穴位对其所属脏腑器官的影响较异经明显.
对同一“靶”器官系统，不同的穴位，其作用效应一般是相同的。
目前研究认为穴位是动态的，随着相应内脏功能状态的变化而改变“开/合”状态和功能强弱。
在针灸临床中，除了单穴使用外，两个或两个以上穴位的配伍使用更为多见，只要穴位配伍，就会产生协同效应。
不同的针灸参数穴位后，多种感受器接受不同而引起多类不同的传入冲动，从而产生不同的效应。
不同的电针强度具有不同的效应。
在不同时间节律位相点上，其机能状态不同，对针灸的敏感性也就不同，因此针灸效应不同。
针灸效应的作用时间是有限度的，超过一定的时间限度针灸效应便会逐渐消失，因此，临床中必须合理规定针灸间隔时间，才能使针灸效应有效的蓄积，达到最佳治疗效果。
多数病证尤其慢证，需要一段时间的多次针灸治疗，以积累和维持针灸效应，逐渐修复病变。
实验针灸学是在 指导下，应用现代科学技术与实验方法，研究针灸基本理论、作用规律和作用原理，指导临床实践的一门学科
脏腑器官疾病通过经脉的作用，在体表相应经脉穴位处出现的各种异常变化现象，称为 。
有关循经感传外周动因激发观点的认识，下列正确的是。
关于感传速度，下面说法的错误是
穴位感受、治疗疾病的功能具有哪些特点：
经脉穴位病理反应的基本规律主要表现在哪些方面？
实验针灸学是新兴交叉学科，不应归为针灸学科的分支。
循经感传可用于疾病诊断。
穴位处针感感受器主要是浅层感受器
使针体周围结缔组织细胞外基质持续变化，该变化可对组织细胞产生各种影响。
脏腑病变时，其相关穴位处细胞外的钙、钾离子浓度明显上升，上升的幅度与脏腑的病变程度呈明显正相关关系
不同形式感受阈值不同,电针兴奋的的穴位感受器阈值较低，其次是手法运针，艾灸所兴奋的感受器阈值较高。
温度幅值、升降速度、作用面积以及持续时间和间隔时间等几个方面都对灸法的临床疗效有影响。
研究表明，针灸穴位所引起的效应比针灸非穴位明显而持久，所以要提高疗效，应注意取准穴位。
穴位的功能状态不同，会造成针灸效应的差异。
研究显示，多个穴位的联合使用，既可以表现为协同作用，也可以表现为拮抗作用。
信号是通过穴位深部感受器及神经末梢的兴奋传入中枢的。
引起的传入冲动进入脊髓背角后，主要交叉到对侧脊髓丘脑侧束上行，与痛、温觉的传导途径相似。
我国学者曾提出，镇痛是信号与疼痛信号这两种不同感觉传入在中枢神经系统的各级水平相互作用并进行整合的结果。
是在人体某些穴位进行达到痛觉迟钝或消失的效果，从而能进行手术操作的一种特殊麻醉方法。
which of the following is replaceable resource?
which of the following is irreplaceable resource?
which one is not man’s transformation of nature?
which one is not the description of our ancestors in the past?
which one belongs to synthetic material?
to solve the crisis of man-nature relation, we should _____?
which one is a nature-friendly behavior?
which one is not the role of amazon rainforest in the earth ecosystem?
the natural order of an english sentence should be ______.
which one is not an inverted english sentence?
which of the following is not considered as a natural disaster?
the amazon rainforest is located in _________.
what is the main idea of paragraph one?
which one is the wrong attitude towards nature?
we are connected with nature by _____ ties and we cannot live outside nature.
as society develops, man tends to become less _______ on nature directly, while indirectly his dependence grows.
modern technology is distinguished by an ever increasing abundance of produced and used ______ goods.
man is constantly aware of the influence of nature in the form of the air he breathes, the ____ he drinks and the food he eats.
frank lloyd wright said, “study nature, love nature, stay close to nature. it will never ____ you.”
who wrote a famous paper entitled “ does economic growth improve the human lot?” in 1974?
in what field does technology impose the most influence on people’s sense of well-being?
which of the following is not james’s publications?
who writes the quote “the production of too many useful things results in too many good useless people”?
studies show that if a working environment is pleasant, productivity _________.
what is not the downside of technology’s impact?
even though americans seemed to work extraordinarily hard, their pursuit __________ entertainment turned media and leisure into multibillion-dollar industries.
people are much better informed since the __________ of television.
it’s as if __________ were built into acquisition from the very beginning.
the truly __________ work on the relationship between prosperity and well-being was done by the economist richard easterlin.
one of the happiness scholar’s most important insights is that people __________ very quickly to good news.
according to the article, which government approved a total ban on mobile use for pupils up to the age of 15?
driverless cars or self-driving cars are robotic cars driven by_________.
with mobile payment becoming ubiquitous, the chinese society is becoming gradually _________.
telemarketing, traffic jams and identity theft all come to mind, which all _________ making people consciously unhappy are.
in the united states, for instance, gross domestic product per capita _________ from 1950 to 2000.
the _________ in productivity after world war second made goods better and cheaper at the same time.
at the end of the text, the author says “good luck ” to those who desperately seek fame and fortune to ___.
what does an artist have to do to stay famous according to the author?
for the reason why people chase fame, the author mentions several except ____.
in the sentence “fame turns all the lights on and while it gives power and reputation, it takes you out of you” （paragraph 5）， the underlined part means ____.
in paragraph 3 “fame brings celebrity and high regard from loyal fas in each field.”, here “celebrity” means ___.
in paragraph3， “fame brings celebrity and high regard from loyal fas in each field.”, here “regard” means ___.
in paragraph 3, “…failure often serves as its own reward for many people”, means ____.
in the sentence “if you do catch it, hang on for dear life.”（paragraph 6） , “for dear life” means ____
to avoid plagiari, it’s important to cite the information to ___ in your paraphrasing.
ludwig van beethoven is mentioned as an example of some famous failurs in the text to prove that ___.
for those who ___ fame, they have to risk their own privacy.
she quit the office job since she was ____ repeating the routine.
please ___ to the rail while walking along the bridge.
the local labor union ____ a campaign against the increase of tax.
in the sentence “fame is very much like an animal chasing his own tail”, the author uses the rhetorical device of ___ to show the negative result of pursuing fame.
according to the author, it’s easier for the artist becomes the slave of his or her own success because of the______.
in order to maintain coherence of the writing, the author states his stand very clearly with a bunch of _____ words, like “chasing the tail”, “find excuses”, “desperately” and ect.
the very first step of paraphrasing is to ____.
paraphrasing simply means taking the original text and using your ____ and structure to rewrite it while still conveying the same message.
how many college student failed to land a job in 2017?
what kind of students had comparatively less stress in the job market in 2013 (video 1)?
which of the following is not the factor contributing to anxiety of student?
what does not cause the declining employment rate?
which is not the solution to the problem of unemployment?
how many categories of jobs are mentioned in text a?
who comprise the majority in a society according to the author?
what makes so many people become laborers instead of workers?
how do you think does technology make people laborers?
what is the alarming consequence of this phenomenon?
compared with a job, work refers to something more ________.
which of the following is the similar expression of “land a job”?
when you derive contentment from what your job, you can describe it as ________.
which expression means changing one’s job?
which one emphasizes qualification and specialization?
what does the movie clip of modern times try to convey?
what’s the main idea of the text?
which way to deepen the understanding of a recruiting firm is not mentioned?
what should an interviewee do when he is asked if he has questions?
which is inappropriate when choosing outfits for an interview?
what is not suggested about punctuality?
what should an applicant do during an interview?
which is not mentioned as positive body language?
which is mentioned as negative body language?
why can chris get the job in video clip 3?
in the process of interview, one should respond __________ to interview questions.
unlike a laborer, a worker is _______ in what he does to earn a living.
an ideal job usually can make a person feel _______.
playing is a way for laborers to escape from _______.
a _______ job requires a lot of effort.
the theory of karl marx is about human _______.
what is this article mainly about?
the phrase “lost your taste” (paragraph 1) most probably means ________.
according to micheal, to raise a child, most people may ________.
what do we learn about sara and michael?
what is the root cause for the couple to change their life style?
what is the role of paragraph 6?
how do they know what they really need?
what haven’t sara and michael given up when they have a clear idea of what they really need?
which of the following is not what they did to simplify life?
what have they exchanged the expenses of a commuter age for?
which of the following statements is wrong?
why did the author say she was not very happy when she left the store $11 poorer?
why do we sometimes get so hard to find the resolve and courage to get off the merry-go-round?
according to the article, what is “voluntary simplicity”?
what is the style of this article?
sara believes that their home life is simplification, not ______________.
a person who travels a long distance to work every day is called a __________.
sara and michael decided to spend money only on the things that contributed to their major _____.
although the couple don’t work harder, they can afford to live in the same _______ community.
in the last paragraph, the author compares people’s desire of shopping to a children’s favorite, that is, _________.
the author observed the following in the hospital except ___.
by saying “a man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open.”, the author means ___.
by saying “hold fast to life, but not so fast that you cannot let go.” , the author suggests that ___.
he is too ___ with his own experiment to notice the arrival of his friends.
why should we learn to let go, according to the author?
why is it not an easy task for young people to learn to accept losses and to let go?
by saying “life is never just being. it is a becoming, a relentless flowing on. ”, the author tends to tell us that ___.
though life plays tricks on you, you should find your courage to ___.
she was about to cry for being late again when it suddenly ___ her that the appointment was cancelled.
in the sentence “ then i remembered how often i, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the great beauty of it all”( paragraph 6), the word “mean” means ___.
in the sentence, “never too busy for the wonder and the awe of life”(paragraph 8) , the author tries to tell us that ____.
by saying that “at every stage of life we sustain losses ---and grow in the process.”, the author means _____.
in the sentence, “why fashion things of beauty when beauty is short lived?”(paragraph 12), the word “fashion” means ____.
the last paragraph is meant to _____.
life is ____, just like a flow river.
in winston churchill’s sentence “ attitude is a little thing that makes a big difference.” the word “little” contrasts with the word “___” to show the importance of attitude.
according to the author, the two truths to live by is hold fast to life and ____.
in the writing, the author uses ____ to show the two different truths people should take towards life.
the two truths to live by propsed by the author seem to be _____ to each other but they coexist well.
which of the following book has been nominated four times for the nobel prize in literature?
the sentence “reading gives a person charm and elegance”from sushi means to tell us that ________.
by comparing the non-readers with the readers, lin yutang suggests that “the non-readers are imprisoned in his immediate world in respect to time and space”. it means________.
lin yutang believed that reading should not be an obligation because it is ____.
it is suggested that to read the same book many times is still profitable because ______.
which of the following chinese is the best translation for the english sentence: “reading gives a person charm and elegance”?
when“烧饼”is translated into pancake, what translation method is used?
when "旗袍" is translated into qipao, what translation method is used?
lin believes that the ____ of reading is to cultivate one’s personal charm rather than to educate oneself.
it’s our _____ to maintain the public security rather than just to be a stander-by.
the analects is a famous chinese classic book recording ______.
_______ is used in sentence “one man’s meat may be another’s poison.”
in the text, “flavor”or “taste”should be understood as one’s _____.
besides those compulsory courses to attend, you should also take some ____ courses to earn enough credits to graduate from college.
world book and 威尼斯人最新 copyright day，on 23 april, is a celebration to promote the enjoyment of __________.
the sentence“ is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application?” is often translated into chinese of a saying by confucius as _______.
in ogy, “________” and “explaining” are the two key parts.
lin yutang is famouse for his writing both in two languages: chinese and _____.
the culture-loaded words are those carry chinese _____ but hard to find their equivalence in the target language.
why did kofi annan make this speech?
in kofi annan’s speech, the word “plea” is closest to the meaning of ________.
what is the speaker’s definition of an inclusive globalization?
what does the sentence “globalization’s glass house must be open to all if it is to remain secure” mean?
the expression “tear down the walls in one’s own mind” is closest in meaning to ________.
how is kofi annan’s speech organized?
the tone of kofi annan is ________.
which of the following could be considered as a key word of kofi annan’s speech?
when it comes to the purpose of a public speech, kofi annan’s speech is a speech ________.
which of the following is not a rhetoric device mentioned in this lesson?
what rhetoric device does the following sentence use? “the chinese economy is not a pond but an ocean. the ocean may have its calm days, but big winds and storms are only to be expected.”
what rhetoric device does the following sentences use? “the next decade will be a crucial one in which new global growth drivers will take the place of old ones; the next decade will see faster changes in the international landscape and the international alignment of forces; the next decade will see a profound reshaping of the global governance.”
the conclusion of the peace treaty serves the interests of the peoples of the two countries, and it is also of _________ importance to world peace and stability.
which of the following is not a synonym (近义词 ) of “inclusive” based on the text?
which of the following is not an antonym ( 反义词 ) of “inclusive” based on the text?
本单元测试题包括填空题和单选题两种题型，共20道题，每题1分。
annan appeals to us to tear down the walls in our own minds so that we are able to recognize the untold ways in which we can all ______ from cooperation.
in kofi annan’s speech, in order to best illustrate his proposal, the word______ is used repetitively in different ways, such as solidarity, interdependence and inisible.
in a public speech, emotional appeal can be realized by______, developing vivid examples and speaking with sincerity and conviction
metaphor is an implicit ______ between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
1． 信息论研究的目的就是要找到信息传输过程的共同规律，以提高信息传输的_________，使信息传输系统达到最优化。
信息就是消息
1948年，数学家_______发表了题目为“通信的数学理论”长篇论文，从而创立了信息论。(英文名，首字母大写)
人体全身的骨骼共有（ ）块，它们对人体的外形影响很大，是我们学习的重点。
我们学习人体动态时常说的“一竖”指的是（ ），“两横”指的是（ ），它们对人体的动态造型影响非常大。
躯干的骨骼包括：
上肢骨包括有：
我们双手的指骨有14节
我们单手的腕骨有8块
《艺用人体解剖》和《医用人体解剖》研究的侧重点（ ）同。
（ ）是头部骨骼中唯一可以活动的骨骼。
请临摹两张不同角度的人体骨骼线描图；
请临摹两张不同角度的人体肌肉线描图
请临摹两张不同角度的头部骨骼线描图
头部骨骼中唯一可以运动的一块骨骼是（ ），它对脸的形状有很大影响。
肌肉纤维的走向与皱纹的走向呈（ ）关系
面颅骨共15块，主要有（）
头骨又称颅骨，由根本不同的两部分（）和（）组成
鼻骨在头部正面的，共两块
眼睛是由眼眶、眼睑、眼球组成。
脑颅骨有（）块
面颅骨有（）块
画出人物头部的骨骼和肌肉图
人体全身的骨骼共有（ ）块，它们对人体的外形影响很大，是我们学习的重点。
（ ）起于枕骨下沿至12胸椎，向外侧集中止于锁骨外侧1/3处、肩峰、肩胛冈，其功能是使肩头上升。
颈椎与胸椎的交界点在外形上显露的比例明显，这个交界点的名称是（ ）
胸骨由（ ）、胸骨体和（ ）三部分组成，在躯干正面显于体表
属于下肢骨骼的是（ ）
躯干骨骼是由（）、（）（）和（）构成
肩胛骨是三角形扁骨，位于胸廓的后外侧，平齐与第（）至第（）肋骨之间，是左右对称的两块骨骼。
脊柱由24个独立的脊椎骨、一个骶骨和一个尾骨组成
第一到七肋骨为假肋
骨盆由髋骨、骶骨、（）组成
肋骨是对称的结构，由（）对细长的骨头组成。
画出人体躯干的骨骼和肌肉图
手腕附近的（ ）在外形上比较明显，但画画时容易忽略，我们应该注意这个结构点。
人体的骨骼由206块骨头组成，（ ）是人体骨骼中最长的一根骨头
上肢的骨骼分为（）（）（）三部分
髌骨是全身最大的籽骨，又称膝盖骨。
尺骨位于前臂的内侧，分为体和两端
肱骨是上肢中最长大的骨，分为体和（）
手骨包括腕骨、掌骨和（）
画出人体上肢的骨骼和肌肉图
内踝与外踝的高低因胫骨与腓骨的关系，表现为（ ）
人体的骨骼由206块骨头组成，（ ）是人体骨骼中最长的一根骨头。
在下肢的大腿肌肉与小腿肌肉中，有两条肌肉都是从外侧绕到内侧，外型上也比较明显，它们分别是（ ）。
缝匠肌是人体（ ）的一条肌肉，其功能是使小腿后屈。
股骨下端与（）（）构成膝关节
足骨包括（）（）（）三部分
下肢肌没上肢肌粗壮强大
臀大肌宽厚呈四方形，位于 骨盆后外侧
下肢肌按部位可分为髋肌、大腿肌、小腿肌和（）
足肌分为足背肌和（）
画出下肢的骨骼和肌肉图
髌骨是（ ）部的骨头，在绘画时外形上显露的比较明显。
（ ）起于枕骨下沿至12胸椎，向外侧集中止于锁骨外侧1/3处、肩峰、肩胛冈，其功能是使肩头上升
手腕附近的（ ）在外形上比较明显，但画画时容易忽略，我们应该注意这个结构点
上和下：靠近（）称为上，靠近（）称为下
前和后：靠近（）称为前，靠近（）称为后
腹部肌肉包括腹直肌和腹外斜肌
人体造型主要从体积、结构两方面考虑。
躯干肌肉分为颈肌，胸部肌肉、腹部肌肉（）
背部肌肉包括（）和背阔肌
1、绘画讲的“三庭”指的是从（ ）到眉毛，眉毛到鼻底，鼻底到下巴三段。
我们从正面观察胸廓时，肋骨的大致走向是（ ）
正常静止状态下，头部的朝向与尾骨的弯曲朝向是（ ）的
颈椎与胸椎交界处的椎体突起很明显，我们称它为（ ）
上肢的尺骨与下肢的（ ）相对应，我们学习时应对照学习
因肌肉纤维与皱纹的关系，眼与嘴周围的皱纹都呈（ ）状
（ ）起于锁骨内侧、胸骨和第1-6肋软骨，肌束向外侧集中止于肱骨上端，经常锻炼的人，外形比较明显
上肢的肱骨与下肢的（ ）相对应，它们都是人体中的重要骨骼
我们仰视画一个人的头像时，他“三庭”的长度比例（ ）变化。
股四头肌包括股直肌、股内肌、股间肌和（ ）
上肢的三角肌与下肢的臀部肌肉群相对应。
腕骨有10块，是腕部重要的组成部分，绘画时易被忽视
画俯视的头像时，五官的透视在一个水平线上。
绘画中说的“五眼”指的是脸的长度是五个眼的长度
缝匠肌走向与小腿的胫骨前肌走向都是从外侧绕到内侧的
人的颈椎、胸椎、腰椎外形呈垂直线相连
头部唯一一块可以活动的骨骼是颧骨，它对脸形有很大影响。
胸骨由胸骨柄、胸骨体和剑突三部分组成，在躯干正面显于体表
扩胸运动时，两个肩胛骨向胸椎方向滑动较为明显
脚部踝关节的内踝和外踝在外形上是外高内低
将图片中错误的地方改正过来（请在规定的时间内用一张白纸画出正确的图并拍照上传）
将图片中错误的地方改正过来（请在规定的时间内用一张白纸画出正确的图并拍照上传）
用线描方式画出人体躯干正面的肌肉图和背面的骨骼图。
请用线描方式（钢笔或铅笔）画出两张手的不同手势图，结构、比例要准确。请在规定的时间内用一张白纸画出两张图并拍照上传。
用线描方式（钢笔或铅笔）画出男青年头像的俯视图和仰视图。请在规定的时间内用一张白纸画出两张图并拍照上传。
用线描的方式（钢笔或铅笔）认真画出下肢正面的肌肉图和骨骼图。请在规定的时间内用一张白纸画出两张图并拍照上传。
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